Construction of a lncRNA-associated competing endogenous RNA regulatory network after traumatic brain injury in mouse

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem worldwide which causes high mortality and disability. Functioning as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) regulates the expression of protein-coding genes in a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. However, the lncRNA-associated ceRNA in TBI remains unclear. In this study, we processed the raw SRR files of mice cortex samples of sham injury (n = 3) and TBI groups (n = 3) to count files. Then, the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs were identified, and 86 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and 1201 DEmRNAs between sham and TBI groups were identified. The DEmRNAs were used to perform enrichment analyses. Next, a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory ceRNA network was constructed. The network consisted of 23 mRNAs, 5 miRNAs and 2 lncRNAs. The expression alternations of the 5 miRNAs were validated via qRT-PCR. The subnetwork of hub lncRNA Neat1 was extracted. We identified a potential inflammatory associated regulatory axis: Neat1/miR-31-5p/Myd88 axis. The PPI network based on DEmRNA involved in ceRNA network was constructed PPI networks to identify the hub genes. Finally, DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs were selected randomly and validated by qRT-PCR. In conclusion, with the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network provided above, we can improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms and interaction among lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs in TBI process. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13041-022-00925-8.


Introduction
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem all over the world. It is estimated that 10 million people worldwide suffer from TBI annually [1,2]. WHO estimates that TBI will be the third most common cause of death and disability in global terms by 2020 [3]. TBI can be divided into initial injury and secondary brain injury [4]. Initial injury causes cells to die in the moment of mechanical shock. Secondary injury refers to the biochemical and physiological changes which would cause the apoptosis and death of neural cells, the formation of brain edema, the disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and the subsequent neurological disorders [5]. Various efforts have been made over the past decades, however, TBI remains a disease with high mortality and disability, which brings a huge burden on the families and society [6]. The complex molecular mechanisms behind brain injury need to be further explained.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) belong to the noncoding RNA family with more than 200 nucleotides in length [7]. Although lncRNAs do not encode any protein products, many studies have proved that they could be involved in the regulation of gene expression at epigenetic, transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels [8,9]. Several studies have shown that lncRNAs can act as miRNA sponges in the ceRNA regulatory network and further regulate protein expression 10. In recent years, more and more studies have focused on the role of lncRNA-related ceRNA regulatory networks in intracranial aneurysm [11], cerebral infarction [12], type 2 diabetes [13] and various types of cancer [14,15,16]. Several lncRNAs, such as lncRNA GM12371, lncRNA Evf2 and lncRNA Pinky, were reported to be involved in regulation of synaptic functions and neurodevelopment [17,18,19]. Moreover, some lncRNAs were found to be specifically expressed in nervous system, such as cerebellar cortex [20,21]. These findings indicated that lncRNAs could serve as a major role in the nervous system. However, the potential role of the lncRNA-associated ceRNA regulatory network in TBI remains unclear.
In this study, we investigated the expression of lncR-NAs and mRNAs in the injury cortex 24 h after TBI in mice via RNA-seq data analyses and further constructed a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA regulatory network. Firstly, we identified differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNA) and mRNAs (DEmRNAs) between normal brain cortex and injury cortex. The DEmRNAs were used to perform enrichment analyses. Then, we developed a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA regulatory network using integrated bioinformatics analysis. The network contained 23 mRNAs, 5 miRNAs and 2 lncRNAs. The expression alternations of the 5 miRNAs were validated via qRT-PCR. Next, Subnetwork of Neat1 was further analyzed, and inflammatory related Neat1/miR-31-5p/Myd88 axis was identified. Gene Oncology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted to evaluate the mRNAs in the network to identify additional biological functions. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and hub genes with key roles in the PPI network were identified. Finally, the difference in expression of four DElncRNA and four DEmRNA was validated via qRT-PCR. The construction of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network may provide insight into the regulatory mechanism of TBI.

Animals
All animal procedures were performed in accordance with the Guidelines for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the Zhejiang University and approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Zhejiang University. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Shanghai Slac Experimental Animal Center.

Controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI
Both sham-injury and TBI mice (12-16 weeks old and 22-25 g) were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 1% pentobarbital sodium solution (0.1 ml/20 g). Six mice were divided into sham group (n = 3) and TBI group (n = 3) according to the random number table. The mice heads were shaved and disinfected by wiping with iodophors. The animals were mounted in a prone position on a stereotaxic instrument (RWD Life Science, China) and fixed with auxiliary ear and incisor bars. Using the sterile surgical procedures, the mice received a midline cranial skin incision, and the scalp was retracted to expose the skull. Then, the mice received a right lateral craniotomy (3.5 mm in diameter) with 1.5 mm lateral to sagittal suture and 2.0 mm posterior to the bregma remaining the dura mater intact, which was performed with a motorized drill. The cortical impact was performed at a velocity of 5.0 m/s, a depth of 2.0 mm below the cortical surface, and an impact duration of 180 ms, which would cause a moderately severe contusion in the sensorimotor cortex. Medical grade cyanoacrylate gel was applied to the exposed dura mater and skull surface after CCI. The hole on the skull was filled with bone wax, and the skin incision was sutured with an absorbable suture. The antibiotic ointment was applied to the suture area. The mice were wrapped in an electric blanket to maintain the body temperature and transferred to a clean cage. Sham injury mice underwent the same craniotomy and postoperative care procedures. All the mice were anesthetized with 1% pentobarbital sodium solution (0.1 ml/20 g) 24 h post-TBI. The mice were transcardially perfused with 10 mL 4℃ 0.9% saline. The ipsilateral cortex around the contusion site was dissected rapidly and stored at − 80℃. All the 6 cortex samples were used for qRT-PCR.

RNA-seq data processing
The SRR files (SRR3271216-SRR3271221) of mice cortex samples of sham injury (n = 3) and TBI groups (n = 3) were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) NCBI [22], which were converted to 'fastq' format data using sratoolkit (version 2.9.6). Using FastQC (version 0.11.9), quality control of the raw sequence data was performed. Low-quality reads and adaptors were removed by the trimmomatic software (version 0.36). The reference genome and genome annotation files of mouse (Release M24 GRCm38.p6) were downloaded from GENCODE (www. genco degen es. org). Then, the high-quality reads were aligned to the reference genome with hisat2 (version 2.0.0) [23]. The generated SAM (Sequence Alignment/Map) files were converted to the BAM (Binary Alignment/Map) format by using samtools (version 1.10) [24]. The BAM files were converted to counts files by using featureCounts in subread software (version 2.0.0) [25]. Then, the ".csv" files were generated, each consisting of all gene counts for a particular sample. All of the ".csv" files were combined, and a single file with sample names depicted as columns and gene names depicted as rows was obtained. LncRNAs and mRNAs were annotated according to the genome annotation files.

Identification of differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs
Using the DESeq2 package [26], the counts files were normalized and differentially expressed analyses were performed. lncRNAs and mRNAs with |log2(fold change)|> 1 and adjusted P-values < 0.05 were considered DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs.

Functional enrichment analysis
Both the Gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery platform (DAVID 6.8; https:// david. ncifc rf. gov/) [27]. DEmRNAs or the mRNAs involved in ceRNA network were used for GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. The GO terms and pathways, with corrected P-values < 0.05 using the Benjamini method, were considered significant functional categories.

Construction of ceRNA network
Firstly, the interactions of DElncRNAs and targeted miR-NAs with high stringency (> = 3) were identified using starBase v2.0 [28]. Then, miRNA-targeted mRNAs were identified using miRTarBase, a highly reliable miRNA reference database [29]. The miRTarBase database has accumulated more than three hundred and sixty thousand miRNA-targeted interactions which were experimentally validated by western blot, reporter assay, microarray and next-generation sequencing experiments. Moreover, the targeted mRNAs that were not differentially expressed between control cortex and TBI cortex samples were filtered out. The ceRNA network was constructed and viewed using Cytoscape (version 3.7.2; http:// www. cytos cape. org/) [30].

Construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network
The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING version 11.0; www. string-db. org) was used to construct the PPI network of DEmRNAs involved in the ceRNA network [31]. The interactions with a score more than 0.4 were included. The PPI network was constructed and viewed using Cytoscape (version 3.7.2).

Statistical analysis
GraphPad Prism (version 6.0, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) and R language (3.4.3) were used for statistical analysis. Statistical differences were determined by Student's t test for two-group comparisons. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Barplots were generated by GraphPad Prism. Other plots, including bubble charts, volcano plots and heat maps, were produced by R language (3.4.3).

LncRNA expression profile
The total detected reads for samples from sham (n = 3) and TBI (n = 3) groups were 100,290,212 and 96,819,024, respectively. The RNA-seq analysis of 3 normal brain cortex tissues and 3 TBI cortex tissues identified 9945 lncRNAs. After deleting lncRNAs with average read count below 1 across all samples, there were 5700 lncR-NAs remaining. The distribution of these lncRNAs in the chromosomes was shown in Fig. 1A. Of these lncRNAs, 86 lncRNAs were differentially expressed (|log 2 FC|> 1 and adjusted P-value < 0.05) in mouse cortex 24 h post-TBI relative to normal brain cortex, which contained 47 upregulated lncRNAs and 39 downregulated lncR-NAs (Fig. 1B, Additional file 2). Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that lncRNA expression profiles in the injured cortex were significantly different from those in the control group (Fig. 1C). The differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) were distributed on all the chromosomes, although the distribution on the chromosomes was not equal (Fig. 1D). Chromosome 7 had the largest number of DElncRNAs, of which 6 were upregulated and 2 were downregulated, accounting for 9.3% (8/86) of all DElncRNAs.

mRNA expression profile
The RNA-seq analysis of 3 normal brain cortex tissues and 3 TBI cortex tissues also identified 21,807 mRNAs. After deleting mRNAs with average read count below 1 across all samples, there were 17,711 mRNAs remaining. The distribution of these mRNAs on all the chromosomes was shown in Fig. 2A. 1201 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) were identified between mouse cortex 24 h post-TBI and normal brain cortex, which contained 1076 upregulated mRNAs and 125 downregulated mRNAs (Fig. 2B, Additional file 2). Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that mRNA expression profiles in the injured cortex were significantly different from those in the normal cortex (Fig. 2C). The DEmRNAs were distributed on all the chromosomes, although the distribution on the chromosomes was not equal (Fig. 2D). Chromosome 7 had the largest number of DEmRNAs, of which 103 were upregulated and 8 were downregulated, accounting for 9.24% (111/1201) of all DEmRNAs.

Gene ontology and pathway analysis of DEmRNAs
To explore the potential functional implication of the 1,201 DEmRNAs, GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses were performed. In the GO enrichment analysis, a total of 466 enriched GO terms in the Biological Process (BP) were identified. The top 20 significantly enriched terms were shown (Fig. 3A). The DEmR-NAs were primarily enriched in immune inflammatory response-related BPs, such as "immune system process", "inflammatory response", "neutrophil chemotaxis", "immune response" and "response to lipopolysaccharide". Furthermore, we also found that these DEmRNAs were also enriched in "cell response to interferon-beta", "cellular response to tumor necrosis factor", "cellular response to interleukin-1" and "cellular response to interferongamma", which indicated that the neural cells may be actively adapting to the drastically changing microenvironment. In addition, a total 62 enriched pathways were identified via the KEGG pathway analysis. The top 20 significantly enriched pathways were shown (Fig. 3B). Among these pathways, "TNF signaling pathway" and "NF-kappa B signaling pathway" were corresponding to the enriched GO terms, which indicated that the two pathways may play significant roles in acute phase of TBI.

Functional enrichment analyses of TBI ceRNA network
To explore the biological functions of ceRNA network in TBI, we performed the GO and KEGG pathway analyses for mRNAs involved in the network. The top 20 enriched GO terms were shown in Fig. 4A. The terms of signaling pathway regulation was significantly enriched, including "positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling", "positive regulation of JNK cascade" and "positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade". The significant enriched terms of "angiogenesis" and "positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation" indicated that the ceRNA network may be involved in blood vessel reconstruction of cortex post-TBI. Moreover, the ceRNA network was also involved in immune and inflammatory response.

Construction of PPI network and identification of hub genes
To further explore the relationship among the DEm-RNA involved in ceRNA network, we constructed PPI networks via the STRING database. The PPI network was shown in Fig. 4B. Furthermore, using Cytoscape App cytoHubba, we identified the hub genes with highest degrees (bigger purple circles), including Myd88, Tnfrsf1b, Cd1d1, Itgam and Irf1. These hub genes could play important roles in TBI ceRNA network.

Validation of DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs using qRT-PCR
To validate the reliability of the RNA-seq data, we randomly selected two up-regulated lncRNAs (lncRNA H19 and lncRNA Mir155hg), two down-regulated lncR-NAs (lncRNA Gm36823 and lncRNA C030018K13Rik), two up-regulated mRNAs (Cxcr2 and Mmp12) and two down-regulated mRNAs (Hes5 and P2ry12) that were abundantly expressed and exhibited significant changes. We used qRT-PCR to analyze expression differences in control and injury cortex. The qRT-PCR analysis results were mostly consistent with the RNA-seq data ( Fig. 4C-J).

Discussion
In recent years, an increasing number of studies have revealed that ncRNAs, including lncRNAs and miR-NAs, play a key role in TBI [47,48]. More and more studies have focused on the role of lncRNA-related ceRNA regulatory networks in various diseases, such as cerebral infarction [12], type 2 diabetes [13] and cardiac hypertrophy [49]. However, the potential role of the lncRNA-associated ceRNA regulatory network in TBI still remains unclear. In the present study, 9945 lncRNAs and 21,807 mRNAs were identified via RNAseq analysis. 86 lncRNAs (47 upregulated and 39 downregulated) and 1201 mRNAs (1076 upregulated and 125 downregulated) were detected to dysregulated in the cortex of mice 24 h after TBI. Functional enrichment analyses indicated that dysregulated genes were involved in immune inflammatory processes and cell responses to tumor necrosis factor/interferon-gamma/ interferon-beta/interleukin-1. Moreover, ceRNA regulatory network was constructed based on 23 mRNAs, 5 miRNAs and 2 lncRNAs. Function prediction indicated that the network was involved in angiogenesis, immune and inflammatory response, and activation of several signaling pathways. The subnetwork of Neat1 was further analyzed. Furthermore, PPI network was constructed and 5 hub genes were identified. Finally, randomly selected DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs were validated via qRT-PCR. This study could provide a comprehensive perspective on the underlying lncRNA regulatory mechanism in TBI.
The upregulation of LncRNA Neat1 was found to function in early apoptosis. Zhong et al. [42] explored the relationship between Neat1 and bexarotene in TBI treatment in mice. They found that bexarotene can upregulated Neat1, which further inhibited apoptosis and inflammation, contributing to better motor and cognitive function after TBI. In this study, we found that 5 genes in Neat1 subnetwork were involved in regulation of apoptosis, such as Igfbp3, Myd88, Itgam, Tnfrsf1b and Spp1 [50,51,52]. The potential miRNAs between these apoptosisrelated genes and Neat1 were also shown in the subnetwork (Fig. 3D). Besides, we revealed that 5 genes in Neat1 subnetwork were involved in regulation of inflammatory response, such as Myd88, Krt16, Spp1, Tnfrsf1b and Sele. Likewise, the potential miRNAs between these inflammatory response-related genes and Neat1 were also shown in the subnetwork (Fig. 3D). Interestingly, miR-31-5p was reported to be able to regulate the angiogenesis of vascular endothelial cells [53]. In addition, previous study found that miR-31-5p was involved in blood-brain barrier repair and Myd88/NF-κB pathway-mediated inflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage [44]. Furthermore, Myd88 was significantly upregulated after TBI and was able to activate NF-κB and then regulate inflammation during TBI process [43]. Thus, we suggested that Neat1/miR-31-5p/Myd88 axis might play an important role in regulation inflammation cytokines and bloodbrain barrier repair in brain tissues after TBI, which needs to be further confirmed in future study. The expression of lncRNA H19 in brain tissues was upregulated after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), which could activate NF-κB and enhance inflammatory responses to aggravate brain edema and neurological injury [54,55]. The role of lncRNA Mir155hg in brain injury has rarely been reported. Li et al. reported that upregulation of lncRNA Mir155hg was able to promote M1 phenotype macrophage polarization and the release of proinflammatory cytokines in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [56]. However, the function of lncRNA Gm36823 and lncRNA C030018K13Rik has not been reported so far. Cxcr2, a chemokine receptor on cellular surface, could upregulate and activate microglia in cerebral stoke, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis [57][58][59]60]. Moreover, Cxcr2 might be involved in neutrophil infiltration and subsequent neurodegeneration following TBI [61,62]. The Hes5 was reported to be downregulated after brain injury [63,64], while the Mmp12 expression was significantly increased in intracerebral hemorrhage [65]. However, the function of Mmp12 and Hes5 in brain injury needs to further studied. P2ry12 as a microglia marker could be utilized to evaluate the microglial cells. Previous study found that P2ry12 positive microglia were significantly increased after TBI [66]. However, in this study, we found the P2ry12 expression was decreased after TBI. The different expression trends might be attributed to injury severity, brain regions or time points for sampling.
To summary, a lncRNA-associated ceRNA regulatory network of TBI was successfully constructed, which may provide a comprehensive view of the underlying mechanisms of gene regulation and interaction in TBI. Moreover, we proposed that the regulatory network centred on lncRNA Neat1 may play a critical part in TBI. Additionally, we further suggested that the Neat1/ miR-31-5p/Myd88 axis might be potential downstream molecular bases for Neat1 to regulate apoptosis, inflammation and blood-brain barrier damage. However, these regulatory axes require further studies to confirm the molecular mechanisms.